Payload CMS on Google Cloud Run

Payload CMS is a TypeScript-native, code-first headless CMS and application framework built directly on Next.js — not a hosted SaaS product, but a library installed into your own Next.js application. Content is modeled through typed "Collections" defined in payload.config.ts, and Payload generates an admin UI plus REST, GraphQL, and Local APIs from that same config. This module deploys a real Payload application on Cloud Run v2 on top of the App_CloudRun foundation, which provisions and manages the shared Google Cloud infrastructure.

This guide focuses on the cloud services this deployment uses and how to explore and operate them from the Google Cloud Console and the command line. For the mechanics common to every Cloud Run application — service identity, ingress and load balancing, scaling and concurrency, CI/CD, Cloud Armor, IAP, Binary Authorization, VPC Service Controls, backups, and the deployment lifecycle — refer to the App_CloudRun foundation guide rather than repeating them here.

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1. Overview

Payload runs as a Node.js (Next.js) container on Cloud Run v2. There is no official Payload Docker image — this module builds a real, locally-verified starter application from source (a blank create-payload-app template using the PostgreSQL adapter) via Cloud Build. The deployment wires together a focused set of Google Cloud services:

Capability	Google Cloud service	Notes
Compute	Cloud Run v2	Node.js (Next.js standalone) service, serverless autoscaling; scale-to-zero supported by default
Build	Cloud Build	Builds the bundled Payload starter app from Payload_Common/scripts/Dockerfile — no prebuilt image exists to pull
Database	Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL 15	Required — Payload's Postgres adapter is used; MySQL/MongoDB are not wired
Object storage	None	No bucket is provisioned; media uploads go to local, ephemeral container disk
Secrets	Secret Manager	Auto-generated PAYLOAD_SECRET; database password
Ingress	Cloud Run URL / Cloud Load Balancing	Default run.app URL; optional external HTTPS load balancer + custom domain

Sensible defaults worth knowing up front:

• PostgreSQL 15 is mandatory and schema is not created on boot. Booting the built server against a fresh database creates zero tables — the payload-migrate init job applies schema via the payload migrate CLI, using a pre-generated migration file baked into the image.
• container_image_source is fixed at "custom". There is nothing to deploy without a Cloud Build run — the module always builds Payload_Common/scripts/ from source.
• Health probes target /admin, not / or an API route. /admin serves Payload's login/first-user-creation form and returns an unauthenticated 200; Payload's REST/GraphQL routes require auth and are unsuitable probe targets.
• No storage bucket is provisioned. Uploaded media is written to local container disk and does not survive a pod restart or redeploy.
• enable_redis and related Group 21 variables are declared but inert. They are not forwarded to Payload_Common, which has no Redis wiring.
• Scale-to-zero is enabled by default (min_instance_count = 0). Cold starts add latency to the first request after idle, compounded by Next.js's own cold-start cost.
• The first admin user is created manually. Payload has no non-interactive CLI for this — visiting /admin on an empty users collection shows a signup form.

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2. Google Cloud Services & How to Explore Them

All commands assume PROJECT and REGION are set. Service and resource names are reported in the deployment Outputs.

A. Cloud Run — the Payload service

Payload runs as a Cloud Run v2 service that autoscales by request load between the minimum and maximum instance counts. Each deployment creates an immutable revision.

• Console: Cloud Run → select the service for revisions, traffic, logs, and metrics.
• CLI:

  gcloud run services list --project "$PROJECT" --region "$REGION"
  gcloud run services describe <service-name> --project "$PROJECT" --region "$REGION"
  gcloud run revisions list --service <service-name> --project "$PROJECT" --region "$REGION"

See App_CloudRun for scaling, concurrency, execution environment, and traffic splitting.

B. Cloud Build — building the Payload image

Because no official Payload image exists, every deploy (and every redeploy after a Dockerfile or source change) triggers a Cloud Build run against Payload_Common/scripts/.

• Console: Cloud Build → History.
• CLI:

  gcloud builds list --project "$PROJECT" --limit=10
  gcloud builds log <build-id> --project "$PROJECT"

C. Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL 15

Payload stores all application data (Collections, users, uploaded document metadata) in a managed Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL 15 instance. The service connects privately through the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy over a Unix socket; no public IP is exposed. On first deploy, db-init creates the database and role, then payload-migrate applies the schema.

• Console: SQL → select the instance for connections, backups, flags, metrics.
• CLI:

  gcloud sql instances list --project "$PROJECT"
  gcloud sql instances describe <instance-name> --project "$PROJECT"
  gcloud sql connect <instance-name> --user=<db-user> --database=<db-name> --project "$PROJECT"

The instance name, database, user, and password secret are in the Outputs. See App_CloudRun for the connection model, backups, and password rotation.

D. Secret Manager

One cryptographic secret is generated automatically and stored in Secret Manager: PAYLOAD_SECRET (used to sign Payload's own session/auth tokens). The database password is managed separately by the foundation.

• Console: Security → Secret Manager.
• CLI:

  gcloud secrets list --project "$PROJECT"
  gcloud secrets versions access latest --secret=<secret-name> --project "$PROJECT"

See App_CloudRun for injection and rotation details.

E. Networking & ingress

The service is reachable at its run.app URL by default. An external HTTPS load balancer with a custom domain, Cloud CDN, and Cloud Armor can be layered on.

• Console: Cloud Run (service URL); Network services → Load balancing.
• CLI:

  gcloud run services describe <service-name> --region "$REGION" --format='value(status.url)'
  gcloud compute addresses list --project "$PROJECT"

See App_CloudRun.

F. Cloud Logging & Monitoring

Container logs flow to Cloud Logging; Cloud Run and Cloud SQL metrics flow to Cloud Monitoring, with optional uptime checks and alert policies.

• Console: Logging → Logs Explorer; Monitoring → Dashboards / Alerting.
• CLI:

  gcloud run services logs read <service-name> --project "$PROJECT" --region "$REGION" --limit 50

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3. Payload Application Behaviour

• First-deploy database setup. db-init (using postgres:15-alpine) connects through the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy and idempotently creates the application role and database.
• Schema migration is a separate, dependent job. payload-migrate (depends_on_jobs = ["db-init"]) runs ./node_modules/.bin/payload migrate from a full /app/cli copy of node_modules + TypeScript source baked into the image — the trimmed Next.js standalone runtime used to serve traffic does not include the Payload CLI or its dependencies. This is a real behavioural fact confirmed locally: booting the app against a schema-less database serves zero tables and every collection query fails until migrations have run.
• PAYLOAD_SECRET should be treated as immutable after first boot. It signs Payload's session/auth tokens; rotating it invalidates all active sessions.
• Health path. Startup and liveness probes target /admin — Payload's admin UI route, which returns an unauthenticated 200 once the Node.js server and database connection are ready. Allow several minutes on first boot for the payload-migrate job to complete before the service is expected to serve real content.
• First admin account. Payload has no CLI command to create the first admin user non-interactively. Visit $SERVICE_URL/admin — with an empty users collection Payload shows a signup form to create the first administrator. This is a manual, one-time operator step.
• Media uploads do not persist. No storage bucket is provisioned; uploaded files are written to local container disk and are lost on the next pod restart, redeploy, or scale-to-zero cold start replacing the container.
• Inspect job execution:

  gcloud run jobs list --project "$PROJECT" --region "$REGION"
  gcloud run jobs executions list --job <job-name> --project "$PROJECT" --region "$REGION"

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4. Configuration Variables

Variables are grouped exactly as they appear on the deployment platform. Only settings specific to or notable for Payload are listed; every other input is inherited from App_CloudRun with its standard behaviour.

Group 1 — Project & Identity

Variable	Default	Description
project_id	(required)	Target Google Cloud project.
region	us-central1	Region for the service and regional resources.

Group 2 — Deployment Environment

Variable	Default	Description
tenant_deployment_id	demo	Short suffix that makes resource names unique per environment.

Group 3 — Application Identity

Variable	Default	Description
application_name	payload	Base name for resources. Do not change after first deploy.
display_name	Payload CRM	Human-readable name shown in the Console. Leftover text from the module's clone source — override to Payload CMS (or any label you prefer) at deploy time; it is cosmetic only.
application_version	latest	Deployment-tracking tag baked into the image via the Cloud Build application_version build arg.

Group 4 — Runtime & Scaling

Variable	Default	Description
deploy_application	true	Set false to provision infrastructure only.
cpu_limit / memory_limit	1000m / 2Gi	Payload (Next.js) needs headroom for the standalone server plus the migrate job's TypeScript/CLI footprint.
cpu_always_allocated	false	Request-based billing — Payload runs server-only (no worker process, cron disabled), so it is pure request/response with nothing to throttle.
min_instance_count / max_instance_count	0 / 3	0 enables scale-to-zero.
container_port	3000	Next.js default.
container_image_source	custom	Fixed — there is no prebuilt Payload image to deploy.
enable_cloudsql_volume	true	Cloud SQL Auth Proxy for socket connections.
enable_image_mirroring	true	Mirrors the built image into Artifact Registry.

Group 5 — Access & Ingress Control

Variable	Default	Description
ingress_settings	all	Public by default.
enable_iap	false	Require Google sign-in — blocks anonymous visitors from /admin's first-user signup form if enabled before the first admin exists.

Group 6 — Environment Variables & Secrets

Variable	Default	Description
environment_variables	{}	Extra non-secret settings. Do not set PAYLOAD_SECRET or DATABASE_URL here — both are computed automatically.
secret_environment_variables	{}	Map of env var → Secret Manager secret name.

Group 11 — Cloud Storage & Filesystem

Variable	Default	Description
enable_gcs_storage	false	Declared in variables.tf with a description implying an S3-compatible GCS storage adapter, but not forwarded to Payload_Common — has no effect. Payload_Common's storage_buckets output is always [].
gcs_volumes	[]	Genuinely forwarded — GCS Fuse volume mounts, if you want to wire persistent storage in yourself.

Group 12 — Database Backend

Variable	Default	Description
database_type	POSTGRES_15	Fixed; Payload requires PostgreSQL.
db_name / db_user	payload / payload	PostgreSQL database name and application user. Immutable after first deploy.

Group 13 — Jobs & Scheduled Tasks

Variable	Default	Description
initialization_jobs	[]	Leave empty to use the built-in db-init → payload-migrate chain.

Group 14 — Observability & Health

Variable	Default	Description
startup_probe	HTTP /admin, 120s delay, 15s period, 40 retries	~12-minute total window for first-boot migrations to complete.
liveness_probe	HTTP /admin, 30s delay	Liveness probe.

Group 21 — Redis Cache

Variable	Default	Description
enable_redis / redis_host / redis_port / redis_auth	true / "" / 6379 / ""	Inert. Declared in variables.tf (with a description claiming Payload v0.4+ requires Redis) but never forwarded to Payload_Common, which has no Redis wiring at all. Setting these has no effect.

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5. Outputs

Returned on a successful deployment — the quickest way to locate and explore the running resources.

Output	Description
service_name	Cloud Run service name.
service_url	Default run.app URL of the service.
service_location	Region the service runs in.
load_balancer_ip / load_balancer_url	External HTTPS load balancer IP / URL (when enabled).
database_instance_name	Cloud SQL instance name.
database_name / database_user	Application database name / user.
database_password_secret	Secret Manager secret holding the DB password.
database_host / database_port	DB endpoint / port.
storage_buckets	Always empty — no bucket is provisioned.
container_image / container_registry	Built image and Artifact Registry repo.
initialization_jobs	Names of the db-init and payload-migrate jobs.
deployment_id / tenant_id / resource_prefix	Naming identifiers.
project_id / project_number	Project identifiers.
monitoring_enabled / monitoring_notification_channels / uptime_check_names	Monitoring status, channels, uptime checks.
cicd_enabled / cicd_configuration	CI/CD status and details.
vpc_sc_enabled / vpc_sc_perimeter_name / vpc_sc_dry_run_mode	VPC-SC status.
audit_logging_enabled / artifact_registry_cmek_enabled	Audit logging and CMEK status.

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6. Configuration Pitfalls & Sensible Defaults

Risk: Critical (data loss / outage / security) — High (service degraded) — Medium (cost or partial degradation) — Low (minor).

Setting	Sensible value	Risk	Consequence if wrong
PAYLOAD_SECRET (auto-generated)	Never rotate after first boot	Critical	Rotating it invalidates every active session, forcing all users to log back in.
db_name / db_user	Set once	Critical	Immutable after first deploy; renaming recreates the DB/user and destroys all data.
startup_probe / payload-migrate timing	Allow the full ~12-minute window	High	If the probe window is shortened below the time payload-migrate needs, the revision can be marked unhealthy before schema migration finishes, since the two run concurrently rather than the probe waiting on the job.
Media/upload persistence	Add a real storage adapter before production use	High	With no storage bucket wired, all uploaded media lives on local container disk and is lost on every pod restart, redeploy, or cold start.
enable_gcs_storage	Do not rely on this toggle	Medium	Declared but not forwarded to Payload_Common — enabling it does not provision or wire any storage.
enable_redis / redis_*	Do not rely on these toggles	Medium	Declared but not forwarded to Payload_Common, which has no Redis wiring — setting them has no effect.
First admin creation	Complete promptly after deploy	Medium	Until the first admin is created via the /admin signup form, the instance has no authenticated user at all.
container_image_source	Leave at custom	Low	There is no prebuilt Payload image; setting prebuilt without a valid container_image breaks the deploy.

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For the foundation behaviour referenced throughout — service identity, scaling and concurrency, ingress and load balancing, CI/CD, Cloud Armor, IAP, Binary Authorization, VPC-SC, backups, and image mirroring — see App_CloudRun. Payload-specific application configuration shared with the GKE variant is described in Payload_Common.